Discover Your Perfect Stay

London's best walks

As spring graces London with its sunny presence, it's time to embrace the outdoors and make the most of your lunch breaks. Say goodbye to the mundane company canteen and embark on a journey that will not only nourish your body but also refresh your mind. Discover some of the city's most enticing walking routes, enchanting gardens, and hidden retreats that will transport you to a world of tranquility.

Take a moment to imagine strolling through the vibrant streets of London, your senses invigorated by the fragrant blooms of lavender and the gentle rustle of leaves. Picture yourself unwinding in the company of nature, relishing the opportunity to escape the hustle and bustle of city life, even if just for a short while. Whether you prefer the serenity of secluded spots or the grandeur of magnificent gardens, there's a walking route for every nature enthusiast to explore.

Amidst your urban explorations, consider a visit to the fox and anchor, an establishment that melds the traditional charm of London with the refreshing embrace of spring. It's a perfect place to pause and refuel during your leisurely walk through the city’s historic streets, completing your experience of London’s springtime allure.

Explore London's hidden gardens

1. Exploring Postman's Park

Yearning for liberation? Set your sights on the expansive emerald vistas that cradle London. The London Parks and Gardens Trust represents an abundant source of insight for the adventurous pedestrian. Amid the places to traverse through, a standout is Postman's Park. Nestled in close proximity to St Paul's Cathedral, it earned its moniker due to its popularity among staff from the adjoining Post Office. Take a moment to appreciate the G.F Watts 1899 memorial refuge, a respectful tribute to everyday heroes who made the ultimate sacrifice to save others. For an inclusive pedestrian trail through the City of London, visit: londongardenstrust.org


Position: EC1A
Closest subway: St Paul's (Exit 1)

Postman's Park

Take a walk to Postman's Park, a secluded spot in the heart of London

2. Discover the Serenity of Kyoto Garden in Holland's Park

Experience a tranquil oasis in the heart of London with Kyoto Garden, a beautiful and serene space gifted by the city of Kyoto to commemorate the strong bond between Japan and Great Britain. Located in Holland's Park, this enchanting garden offers a welcome retreat from the bustling city.

Marvel at the cascading waterfalls, enchanting ponds adorned with graceful carp, and the breathtaking spectacle of cherry blossoms in bloom. The idyllic semi-woodland setting of Holland's Park provides a picturesque backdrop, creating a truly enchanting atmosphere.

Whether you're seeking a moment of solitude, a peaceful stroll, or simply a break from the hustle and bustle, Kyoto Garden is the perfect destination. Its meticulously maintained pathways invite visitors to explore its hidden corners and unwind amidst the harmonious blend of nature and artistry.

Location: W11 4UA
Nearest tube station: Holland Park

If you're looking to escape the lunchtime chaos and immerse yourself in tranquility, make sure to include a visit to Kyoto Garden on your itinerary. Don't miss this sublime sanctuary in the heart of London.

3. St Dunstan in the East Church

Located halfway between London Bridge and the Tower of London, St Dunstan in the East Church is a remarkable Grade 1 listed building that dates back to around 1100. Though it suffered severe damage during the Blitz of 1941, the church was not rebuilt. Instead, its remnants were transformed into a beautiful public garden, creating a secluded and enchanting oasis amidst the bustling city.

This tranquil and cloistered area is a haven for weary Londoners seeking solace from the busy streets. With its captivating history and serene atmosphere, St Dunstan in the East Church invites visitors to immerse themselves in its peaceful ambience and appreciate the resilience of London's architectural heritage.
Location: EC3R 5DD
Nearest Tube: Monument or Tower Hill (District and Circle)

4. The Prestigious SOAS University of London

Nestled in London's renowned Museum Mile, an enclave boasting 13 of the city's most vibrant museums, rests the distinctive sanctuary of the Brunei Gallery. Here, you can ascend to the roof to discover SOAS University's personal Japanese Garden retreat. Conceptualised and brought to life by Peter Swift, this garden offers a tranquil enclave for thoughtful reflection and peaceful meditation.
The university is conveniently located at WC1H 0XG,
with the closest underground stations being Goodge Street and Russel Square.

Stroll along the waterways

5. Discover the Splendors of the Thames Path

Embark on an awe-inspiring journey along the Thames Path, a trail that stretches from the iconic Thames Barrier all the way to the river's source in the picturesque Cotswolds. While conquering the entire path may be quite an adventure, fear not, for there are numerous easily manageable sections that promise unforgettable experiences. Immerse yourself in history and culture as you embark on a delightful six-mile stroll from Albert Bridge to Tower Bridge. Along this route, you will encounter iconic landmarks such as the awe-inspiring Tower of London, the majestic Houses of Parliament, the grandeur of St. Paul's Cathedral, the contemporary artistic wonders of the Tate Modern, and the world-renowned Shakespeare's Globe. But the enchantment does not end there. Venture on a scenic five-mile expedition from Tower Bridge to Greenwich, where you will be treated to a delightful array of sights. Marvel at the modern skyscrapers of Canary Wharf, admire the elegance of the iconic Cutty Sark, and truly soak in the vibrant atmosphere that London's riverside has to offer. So why wait? Lace up your walking shoes, grab your camera, and let the Thames Path guide you on a truly remarkable journey through London's rich history and breathtaking beauty. Start your adventure at Albert Bridge (SW3, 5TR) or Tower Bridge (E1W). The nearest tube station is Victoria, and from there, you can hop on buses 11, 170, or 211 to reach your starting point.

Whether you are a passionate explorer or simply a lover of nature, the Thames Path walk promises an unparalleled experience that will leave you with memories to cherish for a lifetime.

Little Venice-Regent's Park: Exploring the Hidden Gems

Escape to the enchanting atmosphere of Little Venice, a secluded area boasting a vibrant spectacle of colorful narrowboats, where the Grand Union and Regent's Canals intertwine in perfect harmony. Embark on a delightful walk along the picturesque footpaths of this waterside haven, as you make your way towards an oasis of tranquility - Regent's Park. Follow the captivating Regent's Canal towpath, immersing yourself in the soothing sounds of nature and the gentle lapping of water.As you venture further, find yourself meandering through the stunning outer circle of Regent's Park, a verdant expanse that holds its own captivating allure. Head towards the renowned ZSL London Zoo, where you have the opportunity to marvel at a fascinating array of wildlife species. If time permits, take an extra 15-minute stroll to the vibrant neighborhood of Camden. Here, the world-renowned Camden Market awaits, inviting you to indulge in an enticing array of eclectic street food, satisfying even the most discerning palate.Location: Little Venice, W2 6NDNearest tube: Warwick AvenuePlan your journey today and discover the hidden beauty and culinary delights that lie along this enchanting route. Click here for more information about Little Venice. Click here to learn more about the ZSL London Zoo.Little Venice/London

Full of colour, Little Venice is a wonderful spot to enjoy a springtime walk

Discover London's Jubilee Walkway

Uncover the rich history and cultural gems of London by embarking on a journey along the Jubilee Walkway. Designed to commemorate the Queen's Diamond Jubilee, this scenic path offers an unforgettable experience for both walkers and cyclists.

Spanning across the Olympic and Paralympic Games venues, including the iconic O2 Arena, Greenwich Park, and the tranquil Serpentine, the Jubilee Walkway showcases the diversity and beauty of the city.

With the route divided into five sections of varying lengths, there's an option for everyone. For a captivating exploration, consider embarking on the City Loop, which commences and concludes outside the remarkable No.1 Poultry building.

During this section of the walk, you'll be treated to a visual feast of prominent sights in the city, such as the majestic St Paul's Cathedral, the fascinating Museum of London, The Barbican, Guildhall Art Gallery, and the historic Girdlers' Hall.

Location: EC2R 8EJ
Nearest tube: Bank

Explore London's Best Walks: The Capital Ring Walk

Embark on an unforgettable journey through London's captivating open spaces with the Capital Ring Walk. Spanning an impressive 78 miles, this walk offers a unique opportunity to experience the city's diverse landscapes. Divided into 15 sections of varying difficulty and lengths, there's a route suitable for every level of walker.

For a pleasant and leisurely stroll, consider section seven of the Capital Ring Walk. This section, from Friar's Lane to Osterley Lock, takes you along the picturesque River Thames, offering breathtaking waterfront views of Richmond and the renowned Kew Gardens. As you follow the towpaths, make sure to take in the sights of Richmond Lock, Old Deer Park and Observatory, Brentford Lock, and the scenic Grand Union Canal.

During your walk, you'll find yourself surrounded by an abundance of charming cafes and pubs, providing the perfect opportunity to refuel and relax before continuing your journey.

Start your adventure at Friar's Lane in Richmond, conveniently accessible from Richmond Tube Station. Make sure not to miss the highlight of this section, Richmond Lock, which promises unparalleled beauty and captivating views.


Location: Friar's Lane, Richmond

Nearest Tube: Richmond

Follow in the footsteps of history

9. Discover Samuel Pepys's London, in The City

Take a self-guided historical journey through London using your trusty A-Z. Your adventure begins at Seething Lane, the resting place of the celebrated diarist and Member of Parliament, Samuel Pepys, in St Olave's church. Travel south to the historic Tower of London, a significant site for Pepys as it was here where he witnessed the destructive Great Fire of London in 1666. Afterwards, make your way west to Pudding Lane, near the Monument, the recognized origin point of the colossal blaze. Extend your exploration past the iconic St Paul's Cathedral to Fleet Street, where a commemorative plaque in Salisbury Court marks Pepys's birthplace in 1633. Not far from there, in St. Dunstan's in the West, this famous Londoner once made a scandalous attempt to fondle a 'demure, attractive maid' during a church service in 1667. Recommended reading for additional insight: 'The Diary of Samuel Pepys and Samuel Pepys: The Unequalled Self' by Claire Tomalin.
Launch point: Seething Lane, EC3N
Closest Underground and National Rail stations: Tower Hill/London Fenchurch Street

Delight in tracing the steps of Samuel Pepys on this enthralling London walk which includes the Monument commemorating the Great Fire of London.

10. The Mile of Style, around Regent Street

Experience the historic charm of London on this captivating walk that takes you through Regent Street, once commissioned by the Prince Regent and designed by architect John Nash.

Starting near Carlton House Terrace, which was once home to the Prince Regent, you'll uncover fascinating landmarks such as Nash's memorial bust at All Souls Langham Place and the Duke of Wellington's mounting block. While much of Nash's original Regent Street has been replaced during an Edwardian rebuild, the walk still offers glimpses of the past.

As you stroll along, keep an eye out for unique points of interest like the only Nazi memorial in London, dedicated to a dog. Marvel at the dazzling Criterion Theatre and restaurant, a frequented spot by H.G. Wells and his circle. Don't miss the vibrant mosaics adorning the Apple Store, adding a touch of artistry to this iconic street.

To explore this brilliant walk further, the Regent Street Association (regentstreetonline.com) offers a downloadable leaflet. Connect with them for more information and immerse yourself in the rich history of Regent Street.


Location: SW1Y
Nearest tube: Charing Cross/Piccadilly Circus

Immerse yourself in the hidden treasures of London with "Secret London," a guide to discovering the city's lesser-known gems.

11. Take a stroll along the Diana Princess of Wales Memorial Walk

Embark on a seven-mile journey on theDiana Princess of Wales Memorial Walk, navigated by 90 in-ground plaques. This path offers a rich exploration of the numerous sites associated with the beloved Princess Diana. The walking route winds through four out of the eight prestigious Royal Parks, providing sights of three magnificent palaces as well as Spencer House, ancestral home of Princess Diana's family.

Begin your adventure at Canada Gate, close to the Queen Victoria Memorial, and proceed left in the direction of The Mall, where you will join the trail. Wander through the serene setting of St. James's Park and cover the portion there. The path elegantly circles the park's lovely lake, granting wonderful views of the gardens and their resident pelicans! You can access the full route here.

Location: Canada Gate, W1J 7NT
Nearest tube: Green Park/ St James's Park

The guide plaques on this trajectory are unique, boasting a rose emblem at their center and guiding walkers in the direction of their expedition.

12. The Esteemed St Stephen Wallbrook

Famed for its architectural brilliance, St Stephen Wallbrook is an Anglican Parish Church that is often deemed as 'the epitome of English architectural delight.' Although not a traditional walk, it stands as a rejuvenating city haven for anyone seeking respite from the bustling city life. The Walbrook Music Trust presents free music recitals in the heart of the church, every Tuesday at 1pm. These 50-minute musical sessions add a vibrant hue to the day and act as a soothing escape from the usual workplace break-room environment. Also, it's a golden chance for budding musicians to showcase their talent before an audience. Given that it's just a short three-minute walk from Bank station, it makes a feasible detour for many.
Pinpoint location: EC4N 8BN
Closest Underground station: Bank

Content provided by Sophie Campbell, Nigel Richardson, Sue Attwood, and David Hughes

Hidden Green Serenity within London, The City

The unsung hero, The London Parks & Gardens Trust, allows uncovering of the mystical greenscapes tucked within structures in the Square Mile of you city.

Unearthing the Hidden London: 14 peculiar places you've likely overlooked

The walking route embarks and culminates at the St Paul’s Tube station, delivering a leisurely stroll around the northern enclave of the City of London, unveiling minuscule but delightful gardens. Marvel at tranquil patches of green such as St Mary Aldermanbury, now revamped with a serene lawn where its nave once stood. Explore astounding structures like the Lakeside Gardens nestled within the Barbican Estate - the St Giles Cripplegate warrants a visit, a splendid mix of English Perpendicular and Seventies Brutalist designs - and the artistic David Hicks’s 1995 knot garden near Salters’ Hall. The journey threads through the historical Postman’s Park, a favourite picnic spot of yesteryears' postmen from St Martin’s Le Grand, which is renowned for the G.F Watts memorial, a tribute to the selflessness of the city's denizens. Admire the ceramic plaques, the earliest from the 1880s, and the latest placed in 2007.

For a comprehensive description of the entire walking journey, visit londongardenstrust.org.

Exploring the Regency Era in Mayfair, London

Immerse yourself in the world of Regency London as you follow in the footsteps of characters from Georgette Heyer's beloved novels. Starting your journey across from The Athenaeum Club on Waterloo Place, the historical significance of Mayfair unveils itself.

As you wander through Mayfair, you'll come across notable locations that are intertwined with Regency tales. Find yourself in St James's Square, where Deborah Grantham's aunt operated her gaming parlour in the popular novel "Faro's Daughter". Take a moment at Berry Bros & Rudd, a longstanding wine merchant that once used colossal coffee scales to weigh prominent figures like Beau Brummell, Lord Byron, and boxer Tom Cribb.

Don't forget to visit Pickering Place, a charming spot known as number 5 in the pages of "Regency Buck". Here, you'll discover the echoes of a notorious gaming hell. Indulge your curiosity at Truefitt & Hill, an establishment that has been offering cut-throat razors and pomade since 1805, transporting you back to the everyday grooming rituals of the Regency era.

Culminate your Regency adventure with a visit to White's, an iconic gentlemen's club that has been a haven for the elite since its inception. This exclusive establishment promises a glimpse into the world of Regency-era socializing and intrigue.

Embark on this enchanting journey through Mayfair, and let the spirit of Regency London truly come alive.

Exploring the London Wall

This path around the City highlights spots where the Roman walls once stood. An outstanding map and detailed description can be found on the Historic UK website.

.The remains of London's Roman walls

The remains of London's Roman walls

The Espionage of London: Tracing James Bond's City Traces

Renowned author David Hughes was seen exploring "Spies & Spycatchers", an exclusive guided walk through London, created by the expert team at London Walks (Contact - 020 7624 3978). This fascinating stroll includes visiting the wartime headquarters of the infamous MI6, where the controversial Kim Philby presumed his rise to prominence. Notably, the tour also makes a stop at the birthplace of Ian Fleming - nestled conveniently in the luxurious Green Street, Mayfair. Further details of this intriguing journey can be found here.

Explore London's Intellectual Heartland: Holborn and Kings Cross

Embark on a captivating journey through London's intellectual heartland, beginning and ending at King’s College on Chancery Lane. Despite the city's late arrival onto the university scene, this walk showcases the area's rich intellectual heritage. Marvel at the Foundling Museum, dedicated to abandoned children, nestled within the picturesque Coram's Fields. Immerse yourself in knowledge at the renowned British Library and Museum, and delve into the fascinating collection of the John Soane Museum on Lincoln’s Inn Fields.

As you stroll along, the echoes of Dickens' literary genius, the grandeur of the law, and the influence of the Bloomsbury Group surround you. Admire the elegant architecture of the handsome houses adorned with intricate, wrought iron details and charming fanlights. Take advantage of the myriad of excellent dining options available along the way, where you can pause and savor the flavors of London. While the directions provided are reliable, additional research or the purchase of a Jubilee Walkway book is recommended for a more immersive experience.

Discover the vibrant fusion of history, art, and intellect on this captivating walk through intellectual London.

Inside Sir John Soane Museum

Inside Sir John Soane Museum

Memorial Walk Commemorating Diana, Princess of Wales

Established in 2000, this walkway spans seven miles and traverses through four royal parks, erected in honor of Princess Diana's memory (www.royalparks.org.uk).

Explore the Beauty of London on The Thames Path

Discover the breathtaking charm of London by embarking on a journey along The Thames Path. Stretching all the way from the Thames Barrier to its source in the Cotswolds, this iconic walk promises an unforgettable experience. While conquering the entire path might require ample time, there are numerous manageable sections to explore.

One such section worth exploring is the six-mile stretch from Albert Bridge to Tower Bridge. Along this route, you'll have the opportunity to marvel at some of London's most iconic landmarks, including the majestic Tower of London, the renowned Houses of Parliament, the grand St Paul's Cathedral, the contemporary Tate Modern, and the iconic Shakespeare's Globe. Each step will immerse you in the rich history and vibrant culture of the city.

If you're looking for even more sights to see, continue your journey from Tower Bridge to Greenwich. This five-mile segment offers a diverse range of attractions, from the modern skyline of Canary Wharf to the historic beauty of the Cutty Sark. It's a captivating blend of old and new, showcasing the dynamic nature of London's landscape.

Embark on one of London's most popular walks and witness the city's captivating beauty unfold before your eyes. Lace up your walking shoes, and set off to discover the wonders that await you along The Thames Path.

Exploring Southwark Through Charles Dickens's Eyes

In Charles Dickens's youth, the streets of Southwark were notoriously humble. The journey incorporates an array of sights the renowned author was familiar with - from the Thames River to the famed Guy’s Hospital, and Lant Street to the historic White Hart Inn, locations both famously featured in The Pickwick Papers. Past landmarks also include the symbol of the "dog and pot" that Dickens encountered every day on his path to the blacking factory at Hungerford Stairs, and the infamous Horsemonger Lane Gaol. There, Dickens observed the execution of Maria Manning in 1849. The walk isn't complete without a visit to the St George’s Circus obelisk, a symbol that makes a memorable appearance in David Copperfield. Commencing at London Bridge, the tour circles back to conclude at St Saviour’s Dock, just a brief stroll away.

Exploring the London of Samuel Pepys

Step back in time and discover the rich history of Samuel Pepys in the heart of London. Start your journey at Seething Lane, the final resting place of this influential figure, where he once lived and worked. Make your way south to the iconic Tower of London, where Pepys witnessed the devastating Fire of London in 1666. As you continue westward, you'll reach Pudding Lane, near the famous Monument, where the great fire began.

Continue your walking tour, passing by the grandeur of St Paul's Cathedral. Along Fleet Street, you'll find a commemorative plaque in Salisbury Court, marking the birthplace of Pepys in 1633. Be sure to take a moment to visit St Dunstan's in the West, where the diarist famously attempted to make a pass at a "pretty, modest maid" during a sermon in 1667.

To truly immerse yourself in the world of Samuel Pepys, delve into his captivating accounts through his diary, a fascinating read that provides invaluable insights into the life and times of this remarkable individual. For a comprehensive exploration of Pepys' life, consider Claire Tomalin's masterful biography, "Samuel Pepys: The Unequalled Self."

Embark on this self-guided adventure and discover the London that Samuel Pepys once knew. Prepare to be transported to a bygone era as you explore the city's landmarks and imagine the events that unfolded during Pepys' lifetime.

A walk through Samuel Pepys's London explores the heart of the City

A walk through Samuel Pepys's London explores the heart of the City

Discover the Tranquil Monks and Meadows of Lee Valley

Experience the remarkable transformation of Lee Valley, which underwent a stunning makeover ahead of the London 2012 Olympics. Embark on this captivating walk, commencing at the picturesque Waltham Abbey Gardens. While there, make sure to explore the remarkable Saxon and Norman abbey, boasting a breathtaking nave and Lady Chapel, as well as the resting place of King Harold, most famously known for the arrow incident. As you venture further, embrace the beauty of Cornmill Meadows, beloved by avid birdwatchers, where you can revel in the enchanting combination of mills, meadows, and marshes.

To maximize your chances of encountering wildlife, it is recommended to embark on this walk during the early morning hours or in the serene ambiance of late evening. Keep your eyes peeled for a diverse array of fascinating creatures. Upon completing the loop back to Waltham Abbey, take the opportunity to visit the Royal Gunpowder Mills. Dating back to the 18th and 19th centuries, these mills once played a crucial role in ammunition manufacturing, utilizing the power of the Lee River. Open for public exploration from March to September, this historical site boasts its own canal system, offering a fascinating glimpse into its industrial past.

Exploring Shakespeare's Legacy in London: From Blackfriars to Shoreditch

"While some may believe that Shakespeare's presence in London is all but vanished," Nigel Richardson remarked in a 2011 article, "glimmers of the enigmatic Bard still exist in captivating fragments." To catch a glimpse of this timeless playwright, pay a visit to St Olave's church on Silver Street, a place closely associated with Shakespeare's residence, or venture to the old graveyard of St Mary Aldermanbury, where you'll find the Shakespeare memorial.

Shakespeare's London was a melting pot of culture, creativity, and innovation. As you walk from Blackfriars to Shoreditch, you'll follow in the footsteps of the literary genius, soaking in the vibrant atmosphere that inspired his masterpieces. St Olave's church stands as a testament to his time spent in the city, while the Shakespeare memorial in St Mary Aldermanbury offers a serene space to reflect on his enduring legacy.

Exploring London's Mile of Style, around Regent Street

Embark on a captivating walk through London's "Mile of Style" that commences near Carlton House Terrace, once the residence of the Prince Regent. This iconic area was brought to life by the talented architect John Nash, who was commissioned by the Prince Regent to build the renowned Regent Street. Although much of Nash's original Regent Street has been replaced during an Edwardian rebuild, there are still fascinating remnants to discover.

While strolling along, keep an eye out for an intriguing piece of history—an exceptional memorial dedicated to a dog, which happens to be the only Nazi memorial in all of London. Other highlights include the Duke of Wellington's mounting block, a must-see for history enthusiasts, and the mesmerizing Criterion Theatre and restaurant. Frequented by H G Wells and his entourage, this establishment has been a beloved meeting place for intellectuals throughout the years.

As you wander through this vibrant area, take a moment to appreciate the charming mosaics adorning the Apple Store, a testament to the Edwardian rebuild of Regent Street. Marvel at the exquisite bronze window frames that add a touch of elegance to the streetscape, elegantly highlighting the architectural beauty of this iconic location.

For an enchanting and historically rich walk, follow the path of Regent Street's Edwardian rebuild, immersing yourself in London's captivating past while appreciating the remarkable present.

Regent Street

Regent Street Credit: albertobrian - Fotolia

Journey through Law and Architecture: The Strand to Fleet Street, London

Based on the insightful guide, 'Discovering London's Buildings' by renowned authors John Bold and Tanis Hinchcliffe (www.franceslincoln.com), this picturesque route is a perfect blend of architectural grandeur and legal history. A unique feature of this walk includes notable architectural marvels such as the Royal Courts of Justice, Middle Temple and Inner Temple, the breathtaking Lincoln’s Inn Fields and Chapel, and the historic former Daily Telegraph Building on Fleet Street, each bearing unique narratives. Please follow this link to uncover the full details of this intriguing journey.

The Royal Courts of Justice

The Royal Courts of Justice

Victoria to Trafalgar Square: A Stroll Through Westminster and Whitehall

Taking inspiration from the book 'Discovering London's Buildings' available at www.franceslincoln.com, this particular walking route showcases some of the most iconic architectural gems London has to offer. It promises a feast for the eyes with landmarks such as Westminster Cathedral, the political powerhouse that is the Houses of Parliament, the historic Westminster Abbey, Whitehall, Banqueting House, Horse Guards, and the unmistakable Nelson's Column. The complete details of this walk can be found via the provided link.

If this architectural journey sparks your interest, the Telegraph Travel website also hosts a series of other varied walks including a picturesque route around the historic Greenwich, an exciting exploration around the Square Mile and a leisurely stroll along the vibrant South Bank.

Acknowledgements go to Sophie Campbell, Nigel Richardson, Sue Attwood and David Hughes for their valuable contributions.